Safety

This sub-sub-indicator measures abuses against media and against journalists in connection with their work, emphasing on concerns about journalists' safety. For this purpose, press freedom is defined as the ability to identify, gather and disseminate news and information in accordance with journalistic methods and ethics, without unnecessary risk of: bodily harm (including murder, violence, arrest, detention, enforced disappearance and abduction); psychological or emotional distress that could result from intimidation, coercion, harassment, surveillance, doxing (publication of personal information with malicious intent), degrading or hateful speech, smears and other threats targeting journalists or their loved-ones; as well as professional harm (for example, the loss of one’s job, the confiscation of professional equipment, or the ransacking of installations).